Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun; Taiwo Olalekan John; Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

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Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa

Published in Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 7, Issue 4)

Received: 21 September 2021 Accepted: 14 October 2021 Published: 28 October 2021

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Abstract

Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x² 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.

Published in	Journal of Health and Environmental Research (Volume 7, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
Page(s)	185-191
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Soil-transmitted Helminths, Spatial Clustering, Density Areas, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm

References

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APA Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. (2021). Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 7(4), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

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ACS Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun; Taiwo Olalekan John; Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2021, 7(4), 185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

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AMA Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2021;7(4):185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13,
  author = {Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun and Taiwo Olalekan John and Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa},
  title = {Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {185-191},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20210704.13},
  abstract = {Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x2 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria
AU - Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun
AU - Taiwo Olalekan John
AU - Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa
Y1 - 2021/10/28
PY - 2021
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
DO - 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
T2 - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JF - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
JO - Journal of Health and Environmental Research
SP - 185
EP - 191
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2472-3592
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13
AB - Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x2 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.
VL - 7
IS - 4
ER -

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Author Information

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun

Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Taiwo Olalekan John

Geographical Information System Unit, Department of Geography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa

Cellular Parasitology Programme, Cell Biology and Genetic Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

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Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. (2021). Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Health and Environmental Research, 7(4), 185-191. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

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ACS Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun; Taiwo Olalekan John; Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J. Health Environ. Res. 2021, 7(4), 185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

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AMA Style

Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun, Taiwo Olalekan John, Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa. Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria. J Health Environ Res. 2021;7(4):185-191. doi: 10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13

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@article{10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13,
  author = {Oluwatoba Olufunke Abiodun and Taiwo Olalekan John and Nwuba Roseangela Ifeyinwa},
  title = {Spatial Distribution and Associated Risk Factors of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in a Semi-urban Community in Southwest Nigeria},
  journal = {Journal of Health and Environmental Research},
  volume = {7},
  number = {4},
  pages = {185-191},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jher.20210704.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jher.20210704.13},
  abstract = {Parasite distribution exhibit heterogeneity within households and communities. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial distribution, clustering and associated risk factors of Soil-transmitted Helminths infection in a semi-urban area in Southwest Nigeria. Geographical information System (GIS) was used to map the town into three density areas; low, medium and high density areas. Two hundred and thirty six soil samples were obtained from the surroundings of 137 households and stool samples were collected from the inhabitant of the households. Moran index was used to analyze the spatial distribution of STH within the community. A total of 137 households were sampled for human STH and environmental soil samples from the household were analyzed. The prevalence of human STH infection was 41.7% while that of soil parasite was 27.7% within the selected household. Ascaris lumbricoides was the predominant STH infection in the community sampled with 24.1% prevalence followed by Hookworm. Spatial analysis showed that A. lumbricoides infection was significantly clustered only in the GIS mapped medium density area of Igbo-Ora (z-score 2.302, p=0.021), while hookworm infection was randomly distributed in all the GIS mapped areas of Igbo-Ora. There was a statistically significant association between human STH infection and presence of parasite in the household soil (x2 5.74, p-value 0.017). None of the risk factors evaluated was found to have significant association for the clustering pattern of infection found in the medium density area of the community. Meanwhile, factors such as; the physical presence of a popularly patronized local market in the area, lack of any visible public toilet and the use of bushes around the area by the people for defecation contribute to the reasons for the clustering of the Ascaris infection. Also, the ability of Ascaris to withstand environmental conditions than other STH parasite may contribute to the pattern observed. The differences in the pattern of distribution and associated risk factors revealed that environmental conditions and exposure factors are major determinant of STH infection.},
 year = {2021}
}

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