Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell

doi:doi:10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11

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Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell

Published in Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 2)

Received: 18 February 2021 Accepted: 3 March 2021 Published: 12 March 2021

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Abstract

This research concerned itself with the comparative analysis of compaction of natural offshore sand and cement stabilized offshore sand for road construction in swampy regions. Sieve analysis and compaction (moisture-density relationship) tests were conducted on the offshore sand sample to compare the compaction efforts of the two materials for road subbase filling. Based on the results of the tests carried out, the offshore sand sample was found to belong to the A-2 group and falls within Grading Zone 2. The results of dry density against cement content as well as optimum moisture content against cement content shows that compaction of the offshore sand is poor with values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained as 1.755g/cm3 and 11.67% respectively. After 4% Cement Content stabilization, the values increased to 1.935g/cm3 and 12.21% respectively. At 6% Cement Content stabilization, the value of Maximum Dry Density increased to 1.948g/cm3 while the Optimum Moisture Content dropped to 8.77%. At 8% cement content stabilization, the values obtained were 1.967g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 10.40% for optimum moisture content. At 10% cement content, the results were 1.982g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 12.25% for optimum moisture content. Upon increasing cement content to 12%, the values obtained became 2.027g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 9.76% for optimum moisture content. It follows therefore that increasing cement contents yielded increase in compaction of the offshore sand sample. This investigation concludes that cement can be used to stabilize offshore sand to improve its engineering property of compaction for use as subbase material for construction of road in swampy regions.

Published in	Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering (Volume 6, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11
Page(s)	21-27
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Compaction, Maximum Dry Density, Optimum Moisture Content, Offshore Sand, Cement

References

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[2]	ChinemereOgbonnaya (2014). Bituminous Stabilization of clay soils for road construction.
[3]	D. Jones, A. Rahim, S. Saadeh, and J. THarvey (2012), Guidelines for the Stabilization of Subgrade Soilsin California, Guideline: UCPRC-2010-01.
[4]	H. R. NIkraz (2012). Bitumen – Cement stabilized layer in Pavement Construction.
[5]	Harris, V. A. P, Hitch L. S and J. M Jowett (1983), Bituminous Stabilization of Fine Sands.
[6]	Marandi S. M and Safapour P (2012). Laboratory study on the use of bitumen emulsion in a gravel road.
[7]	Martin et al. (2009). Foamed Bitumen Stabilization.
[8]	Marto, A.; Latifi, N.; Eisazadeh, A. (2014). Effect of non-traditional additives on engineering and microstructural characteristics of laterite soil. Arab. J. Sci. Eng. 39: 6949–6958.
[9]	Paul et al. (2011). Laboratory performance of Asphalt emulsion treated base.
[10]	Ramanujan and Jones (2008) Design mix for foamed stabilized bitumen.
[11]	Yang, J.; Wang, F.; Fang, L.; Tan, T. (2007). The effects of aging tests on a novel chemical sand-fixing agent—Polyaspartic acid. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67: 2160–2164.
[12]	Yuehuan et al (2010). A preliminary study on foamed Bitumen stabilization for Western Australian pavements.
[13]	Choi, Y.; Ahn, D.; Nguyen, T. H.; Ahn, J. Assessment of field compaction of aggregate base materials for permeable pavements based on plate load tests. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3817.
[14]	Umashankar, B.; Hariprasad, C.; Kumar, G. T. Compaction quality control of pavement layers using LWD. J. Mater. Civ. Eng. 2016, 28, 04015111.
[15]	Walubita, L. F.; Lee, S. I.; Abu-Farsakh, M.; Scullion, T.; Nazarian, S.; Abdallah, I. Texas Flexible Pavements and Overlays, Year 5 Report. Complete Data Documentation; FHWA/TX-15/0-6658-3; Texas Department of Transportation: College Station, TX, USA, 2017.

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APA Style

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell. (2021). Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction. Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 6(2), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11

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ACS Style

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell. Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction. J. Civ. Constr. Environ. Eng. 2021, 6(2), 21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11

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AMA Style

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell. Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction. J Civ Constr Environ Eng. 2021;6(2):21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11,
  author = {Owo Awajigbana Tugwell},
  title = {Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction},
  journal = {Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {21-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jccee.20210602.11},
  abstract = {This research concerned itself with the comparative analysis of compaction of natural offshore sand and cement stabilized offshore sand for road construction in swampy regions. Sieve analysis and compaction (moisture-density relationship) tests were conducted on the offshore sand sample to compare the compaction efforts of the two materials for road subbase filling. Based on the results of the tests carried out, the offshore sand sample was found to belong to the A-2 group and falls within Grading Zone 2. The results of dry density against cement content as well as optimum moisture content against cement content shows that compaction of the offshore sand is poor with values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained as 1.755g/cm3 and 11.67% respectively. After 4% Cement Content stabilization, the values increased to 1.935g/cm3 and 12.21% respectively. At 6% Cement Content stabilization, the value of Maximum Dry Density increased to 1.948g/cm3 while the Optimum Moisture Content dropped to 8.77%. At 8% cement content stabilization, the values obtained were 1.967g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 10.40% for optimum moisture content. At 10% cement content, the results were 1.982g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 12.25% for optimum moisture content. Upon increasing cement content to 12%, the values obtained became 2.027g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 9.76% for optimum moisture content. It follows therefore that increasing cement contents yielded increase in compaction of the offshore sand sample. This investigation concludes that cement can be used to stabilize offshore sand to improve its engineering property of compaction for use as subbase material for construction of road in swampy regions.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction
AU  - Owo Awajigbana Tugwell
Y1  - 2021/03/12
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11
T2  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JF  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JO  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
SP  - 21
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3890
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11
AB  - This research concerned itself with the comparative analysis of compaction of natural offshore sand and cement stabilized offshore sand for road construction in swampy regions. Sieve analysis and compaction (moisture-density relationship) tests were conducted on the offshore sand sample to compare the compaction efforts of the two materials for road subbase filling. Based on the results of the tests carried out, the offshore sand sample was found to belong to the A-2 group and falls within Grading Zone 2. The results of dry density against cement content as well as optimum moisture content against cement content shows that compaction of the offshore sand is poor with values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained as 1.755g/cm3 and 11.67% respectively. After 4% Cement Content stabilization, the values increased to 1.935g/cm3 and 12.21% respectively. At 6% Cement Content stabilization, the value of Maximum Dry Density increased to 1.948g/cm3 while the Optimum Moisture Content dropped to 8.77%. At 8% cement content stabilization, the values obtained were 1.967g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 10.40% for optimum moisture content. At 10% cement content, the results were 1.982g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 12.25% for optimum moisture content. Upon increasing cement content to 12%, the values obtained became 2.027g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 9.76% for optimum moisture content. It follows therefore that increasing cement contents yielded increase in compaction of the offshore sand sample. This investigation concludes that cement can be used to stabilize offshore sand to improve its engineering property of compaction for use as subbase material for construction of road in swampy regions.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria

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APA Style

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell. (2021). Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction. Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, 6(2), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11

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ACS Style

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell. Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction. J. Civ. Constr. Environ. Eng. 2021, 6(2), 21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11

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AMA Style

Owo Awajigbana Tugwell. Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction. J Civ Constr Environ Eng. 2021;6(2):21-27. doi: 10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11

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@article{10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11,
  author = {Owo Awajigbana Tugwell},
  title = {Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction},
  journal = {Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering},
  volume = {6},
  number = {2},
  pages = {21-27},
  doi = {10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jccee.20210602.11},
  abstract = {This research concerned itself with the comparative analysis of compaction of natural offshore sand and cement stabilized offshore sand for road construction in swampy regions. Sieve analysis and compaction (moisture-density relationship) tests were conducted on the offshore sand sample to compare the compaction efforts of the two materials for road subbase filling. Based on the results of the tests carried out, the offshore sand sample was found to belong to the A-2 group and falls within Grading Zone 2. The results of dry density against cement content as well as optimum moisture content against cement content shows that compaction of the offshore sand is poor with values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained as 1.755g/cm3 and 11.67% respectively. After 4% Cement Content stabilization, the values increased to 1.935g/cm3 and 12.21% respectively. At 6% Cement Content stabilization, the value of Maximum Dry Density increased to 1.948g/cm3 while the Optimum Moisture Content dropped to 8.77%. At 8% cement content stabilization, the values obtained were 1.967g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 10.40% for optimum moisture content. At 10% cement content, the results were 1.982g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 12.25% for optimum moisture content. Upon increasing cement content to 12%, the values obtained became 2.027g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 9.76% for optimum moisture content. It follows therefore that increasing cement contents yielded increase in compaction of the offshore sand sample. This investigation concludes that cement can be used to stabilize offshore sand to improve its engineering property of compaction for use as subbase material for construction of road in swampy regions.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Comparative Analysis of the Compaction of Natural Offshore Sand and Cement Stabilized Offshore Sand for Road Construction
AU  - Owo Awajigbana Tugwell
Y1  - 2021/03/12
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11
T2  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JF  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
JO  - Journal of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering
SP  - 21
EP  - 27
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3890
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jccee.20210602.11
AB  - This research concerned itself with the comparative analysis of compaction of natural offshore sand and cement stabilized offshore sand for road construction in swampy regions. Sieve analysis and compaction (moisture-density relationship) tests were conducted on the offshore sand sample to compare the compaction efforts of the two materials for road subbase filling. Based on the results of the tests carried out, the offshore sand sample was found to belong to the A-2 group and falls within Grading Zone 2. The results of dry density against cement content as well as optimum moisture content against cement content shows that compaction of the offshore sand is poor with values of maximum dry density and optimum moisture content obtained as 1.755g/cm3 and 11.67% respectively. After 4% Cement Content stabilization, the values increased to 1.935g/cm3 and 12.21% respectively. At 6% Cement Content stabilization, the value of Maximum Dry Density increased to 1.948g/cm3 while the Optimum Moisture Content dropped to 8.77%. At 8% cement content stabilization, the values obtained were 1.967g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 10.40% for optimum moisture content. At 10% cement content, the results were 1.982g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 12.25% for optimum moisture content. Upon increasing cement content to 12%, the values obtained became 2.027g/cm3 for maximum dry density and 9.76% for optimum moisture content. It follows therefore that increasing cement contents yielded increase in compaction of the offshore sand sample. This investigation concludes that cement can be used to stabilize offshore sand to improve its engineering property of compaction for use as subbase material for construction of road in swampy regions.
VL  - 6
IS  - 2
ER  -

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