Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country

Usha Kaul Raina; Shruti Bhattacharya; Shantanu Kumar Gupta; Varun Saini; Banu Pavitra; Kumar Ravinesh; Russell Da Cruz

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15

| Peer-Reviewed

Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country

Usha Kaul Raina, Shruti Bhattacharya, Shantanu Kumar Gupta, Varun Saini, Banu Pavitra, Kumar Ravinesh, Russell Da Cruz

Published in International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 6, Issue 3)

Received: 2 August 2021 Accepted: 23 August 2021 Published: 3 September 2021

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

PURPOSE: Conventionally, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) has been treated as an entity with no bearing on development of visual acuity and routine refraction is not done considering the volume of patients in a in a developing Asian country like India. This research was designed to study the prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in patients with congenital NLDO, as compared to an age-matched control group, in a developing country. METHODS: In this study, 89 patients with congenital NLDO and 78 patients as age matched controls, less than 4 years of age were included at a tertiary care centre in India. All underwent a complete ocular examination and risk factors for amblyogenic refractive error were noted based on the AAPOS guidelines. RESULTS: There was no gender predisposition and no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mode of delivery, orthoptic check-up, keratometry, axial length, fundus or anterior segment examination. Amblyogenic refractive error, as defined by the AAPOS guidelines, was found in 18 (20.5%) patients in the case group compared to 3 (3.8%) in the control group, and this was as follows: astigmatism in 10, anisometropia in 5, hyperopia in 3 subjects, and myopia in 1. These risk factors were not greater in children with unilateral NLDO compared to bilateral NLDO, but both were greater than their control group. There was also no significant difference found between the two groups in terms of distribution of anisometropia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in congenital NLDO was significantly higher than in the control group. Hence, a thorough evaluation is warranted in cases of congenital NLDO for early detection amblyogenic refractive error.

Published in	International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science (Volume 6, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15
Page(s)	176-180
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction, Refraction, Amblyopia

References

[1]	Donahue SP, Arnold RW, Ruben JB, AAPOS Vision Screening Committee. Preschool vision screening: what should we be detecting and how should we report it? Uniform guidelines for reporting results of preschool vision screening studies. J AAPOS Off Publ Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2003; 7 (5): 314-316.
[2]	Macewen CJ, Young JDH. Epiphora during the first year of life. Eye. 1991; 5 (5): 596-600.
[3]	Kakizaki H. The rate of symptomatic improvement of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in Japanese infants treated with conservative management during the 1st year of age. Clin Ophthalmol. 2008; 2 (2): 291.
[4]	Vagge A, Ferro Desideri L, Nucci P, et al. Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction (CNLDO): A Review. Diseases. 2018; 6 (4): 96.
[5]	Aslam Saleem A. Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction and the Visual System. Front Ophthalmol Ocul Imaging. June 2019.
[6]	Friedman DS, Repka MX, Katz J et al. Prevalence of amblyopia and strabismus in white and African American children aged 6 through 71 months the Baltimore Pediatric Eye Disease Study. Ophthalmology. 2009; 116 (11): 2128-34.
[7]	Chalmers R GP. Is congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction a risk factor for the development of amblyopia. Br Orthop J. 1996; (53): 29-30.
[8]	Matta NS, Silbert DI. High prevalence of amblyopia risk factors in preverbal children with nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J AAPOS. 2011; 15 (4): 350-352.
[9]	Saleem AA, Siddiqui SN, Wakeel U, Asif M. Anisometropia and refractive status in children with unilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Taiwan J Ophthalmol. 2018; 8 (1): 31-35.
[10]	Simon JW, Ngo Y, Ahn E, Khachikian S. Anisometropic amblyopia and nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 46 (3): 182-183.
[11]	Kipp MA, Kipp MA, Struthers W. Anisometropia and amblyopia in nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J AAPOS. 2013; 17 (3): 235-238.
[12]	Aysel Pelit NS glu-, Keskek HC. Refractive status of children with unilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J AAPOS. 2018; 22 (4): 83.
[13]	Piotrowski JT, Diehl NN, Mohney BG. Neonatal Dacryostenosis as a Risk Factor for Anisometropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2010; 128 (9): 1166.
[14]	Matta NS, Singman EL, Silbert DI. Prevalence of amblyopia risk factors in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2010; 14 (5): 386-388.
[15]	Lacey BA, McGinnity GF, Johnston PB, Archer DB. Congenital epiphora as a potential cause of amblyopia. Vision Research. 1995 (35): S130.
[16]	Badakere A, Veeravalli Tabitha N, Iram S, Naik M, Ali MJ. Unilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction and amblyopia risk factors. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018; 12: 1255-1257.
[17]	Ramkumar Va, Agarkar S, Mukherjee B. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction: Does it really increase the risk of amblyopia in children? Indian J Ophthalmol. 2016; 64 (7): 496.
[18]	Kim JW, Lee H, Chang M, Park M, Lee TS, Baek S. Amblyopia Risk Factors in Infants With Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction. J Craniofac Surg. 2013; 24 (4): 1123-1125.
[19]	Ellis JD, MacEwen CJ, Young JD. Can congenital nasolacrimal-duct obstruction interfere with visual development? A cohort case control study. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1998; 35 (2): 81-85.
[20]	Yoo Y, Yang HK, Kim N, Choung HK, Hwang JM, Khwarg SI. Amblyopia risk factors in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction: A longitudinal case-control study. PLoS One. 2019; 14 (6): e0217802.
[21]	Vagge A, Tulumello C, Pellegrini M, Di Maita M, Iester M, Traverso CE. Amblyopia Risk Factors in Newborns With Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2020; 57 (1): 39-43.
[22]	Nair AA, Khandji J, Lustig A, Ranka M. Nasolacrimal duct obstruction and the development of anisometropia and amblyopia. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019; 23 (4): e46.
[23]	Pelit A, Sahinoglu-Keskek N, Canan H. Refractive status of children with unilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2018; 22: e83-e84.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Usha Kaul Raina, Shruti Bhattacharya, Shantanu Kumar Gupta, Varun Saini, Banu Pavitra, et al. (2021). Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 6(3), 176-180. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Usha Kaul Raina; Shruti Bhattacharya; Shantanu Kumar Gupta; Varun Saini; Banu Pavitra, et al. Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2021, 6(3), 176-180. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Usha Kaul Raina, Shruti Bhattacharya, Shantanu Kumar Gupta, Varun Saini, Banu Pavitra, et al. Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;6(3):176-180. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15,
  author = {Usha Kaul Raina and Shruti Bhattacharya and Shantanu Kumar Gupta and Varun Saini and Banu Pavitra and Kumar Ravinesh and Russell Da Cruz},
  title = {Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {176-180},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20210603.15},
  abstract = {PURPOSE: Conventionally, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) has been treated as an entity with no bearing on development of visual acuity and routine refraction is not done considering the volume of patients in a in a developing Asian country like India. This research was designed to study the prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in patients with congenital NLDO, as compared to an age-matched control group, in a developing country. METHODS: In this study, 89 patients with congenital NLDO and 78 patients as age matched controls, less than 4 years of age were included at a tertiary care centre in India. All underwent a complete ocular examination and risk factors for amblyogenic refractive error were noted based on the AAPOS guidelines. RESULTS: There was no gender predisposition and no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mode of delivery, orthoptic check-up, keratometry, axial length, fundus or anterior segment examination. Amblyogenic refractive error, as defined by the AAPOS guidelines, was found in 18 (20.5%) patients in the case group compared to 3 (3.8%) in the control group, and this was as follows: astigmatism in 10, anisometropia in 5, hyperopia in 3 subjects, and myopia in 1. These risk factors were not greater in children with unilateral NLDO compared to bilateral NLDO, but both were greater than their control group. There was also no significant difference found between the two groups in terms of distribution of anisometropia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in congenital NLDO was significantly higher than in the control group. Hence, a thorough evaluation is warranted in cases of congenital NLDO for early detection amblyogenic refractive error.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country
AU  - Usha Kaul Raina
AU  - Shruti Bhattacharya
AU  - Shantanu Kumar Gupta
AU  - Varun Saini
AU  - Banu Pavitra
AU  - Kumar Ravinesh
AU  - Russell Da Cruz
Y1  - 2021/09/03
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15
T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
SP  - 176
EP  - 180
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3858
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15
AB  - PURPOSE: Conventionally, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) has been treated as an entity with no bearing on development of visual acuity and routine refraction is not done considering the volume of patients in a in a developing Asian country like India. This research was designed to study the prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in patients with congenital NLDO, as compared to an age-matched control group, in a developing country. METHODS: In this study, 89 patients with congenital NLDO and 78 patients as age matched controls, less than 4 years of age were included at a tertiary care centre in India. All underwent a complete ocular examination and risk factors for amblyogenic refractive error were noted based on the AAPOS guidelines. RESULTS: There was no gender predisposition and no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mode of delivery, orthoptic check-up, keratometry, axial length, fundus or anterior segment examination. Amblyogenic refractive error, as defined by the AAPOS guidelines, was found in 18 (20.5%) patients in the case group compared to 3 (3.8%) in the control group, and this was as follows: astigmatism in 10, anisometropia in 5, hyperopia in 3 subjects, and myopia in 1. These risk factors were not greater in children with unilateral NLDO compared to bilateral NLDO, but both were greater than their control group. There was also no significant difference found between the two groups in terms of distribution of anisometropia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in congenital NLDO was significantly higher than in the control group. Hence, a thorough evaluation is warranted in cases of congenital NLDO for early detection amblyogenic refractive error.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Usha Kaul Raina

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Shruti Bhattacharya

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Shantanu Kumar Gupta

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Varun Saini

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Banu Pavitra

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Kumar Ravinesh

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India
Russell Da Cruz

Department of Ophthalmology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Usha Kaul Raina, Shruti Bhattacharya, Shantanu Kumar Gupta, Varun Saini, Banu Pavitra, et al. (2021). Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country. International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 6(3), 176-180. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Usha Kaul Raina; Shruti Bhattacharya; Shantanu Kumar Gupta; Varun Saini; Banu Pavitra, et al. Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country. Int. J. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2021, 6(3), 176-180. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Usha Kaul Raina, Shruti Bhattacharya, Shantanu Kumar Gupta, Varun Saini, Banu Pavitra, et al. Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country. Int J Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2021;6(3):176-180. doi: 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15,
  author = {Usha Kaul Raina and Shruti Bhattacharya and Shantanu Kumar Gupta and Varun Saini and Banu Pavitra and Kumar Ravinesh and Russell Da Cruz},
  title = {Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country},
  journal = {International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science},
  volume = {6},
  number = {3},
  pages = {176-180},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijovs.20210603.15},
  abstract = {PURPOSE: Conventionally, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) has been treated as an entity with no bearing on development of visual acuity and routine refraction is not done considering the volume of patients in a in a developing Asian country like India. This research was designed to study the prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in patients with congenital NLDO, as compared to an age-matched control group, in a developing country. METHODS: In this study, 89 patients with congenital NLDO and 78 patients as age matched controls, less than 4 years of age were included at a tertiary care centre in India. All underwent a complete ocular examination and risk factors for amblyogenic refractive error were noted based on the AAPOS guidelines. RESULTS: There was no gender predisposition and no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mode of delivery, orthoptic check-up, keratometry, axial length, fundus or anterior segment examination. Amblyogenic refractive error, as defined by the AAPOS guidelines, was found in 18 (20.5%) patients in the case group compared to 3 (3.8%) in the control group, and this was as follows: astigmatism in 10, anisometropia in 5, hyperopia in 3 subjects, and myopia in 1. These risk factors were not greater in children with unilateral NLDO compared to bilateral NLDO, but both were greater than their control group. There was also no significant difference found between the two groups in terms of distribution of anisometropia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in congenital NLDO was significantly higher than in the control group. Hence, a thorough evaluation is warranted in cases of congenital NLDO for early detection amblyogenic refractive error.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prevalence of Amblyogenic Risk Factors in Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in a Developing Country
AU  - Usha Kaul Raina
AU  - Shruti Bhattacharya
AU  - Shantanu Kumar Gupta
AU  - Varun Saini
AU  - Banu Pavitra
AU  - Kumar Ravinesh
AU  - Russell Da Cruz
Y1  - 2021/09/03
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15
T2  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JF  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
JO  - International Journal of Ophthalmology & Visual Science
SP  - 176
EP  - 180
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-3858
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijovs.20210603.15
AB  - PURPOSE: Conventionally, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO) has been treated as an entity with no bearing on development of visual acuity and routine refraction is not done considering the volume of patients in a in a developing Asian country like India. This research was designed to study the prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in patients with congenital NLDO, as compared to an age-matched control group, in a developing country. METHODS: In this study, 89 patients with congenital NLDO and 78 patients as age matched controls, less than 4 years of age were included at a tertiary care centre in India. All underwent a complete ocular examination and risk factors for amblyogenic refractive error were noted based on the AAPOS guidelines. RESULTS: There was no gender predisposition and no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mode of delivery, orthoptic check-up, keratometry, axial length, fundus or anterior segment examination. Amblyogenic refractive error, as defined by the AAPOS guidelines, was found in 18 (20.5%) patients in the case group compared to 3 (3.8%) in the control group, and this was as follows: astigmatism in 10, anisometropia in 5, hyperopia in 3 subjects, and myopia in 1. These risk factors were not greater in children with unilateral NLDO compared to bilateral NLDO, but both were greater than their control group. There was also no significant difference found between the two groups in terms of distribution of anisometropia. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of amblyogenic refractive error in congenital NLDO was significantly higher than in the control group. Hence, a thorough evaluation is warranted in cases of congenital NLDO for early detection amblyogenic refractive error.
VL  - 6
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download