Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo; Nicolas Ayessou; Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou; Martin Tchoumou; Codou Gueye Mar Diop; Jean-Maurille Ouamba

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Nicolas Ayessou, Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou, Martin Tchoumou, Codou Gueye Mar Diop, Jean-Maurille Ouamba

Published in International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 9, Issue 5)

Received: 30 June 2021 Accepted: 3 August 2021 Published: 16 October 2021

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Abstract

Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis (Volume 9, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
Page(s)	152-161
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Vulnerability, Drinking Water, Microbiological Pollution, Brazzaville

References

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Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Nicolas Ayessou, Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou, Martin Tchoumou, Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. (2021). Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 9(5), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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ACS Style

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo; Nicolas Ayessou; Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou; Martin Tchoumou; Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2021, 9(5), 152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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AMA Style

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Nicolas Ayessou, Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou, Martin Tchoumou, Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2021;9(5):152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16,
  author = {Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo and Nicolas Ayessou and Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou and Martin Tchoumou and Codou Gueye Mar Diop and Jean-Maurille Ouamba},
  title = {Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {152-161},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20210905.16},
  abstract = {Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)
AU  - Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo
AU  - Nicolas Ayessou
AU  - Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou
AU  - Martin Tchoumou
AU  - Codou Gueye Mar Diop
AU  - Jean-Maurille Ouamba
Y1  - 2021/10/16
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 152
EP  - 161
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
AB  - Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.
VL  - 9
IS  - 5
ER  -

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Author Information

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo

Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
Nicolas Ayessou

Analysis and Testing Laboratory, Higher Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou

Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
Martin Tchoumou

Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo
Codou Gueye Mar Diop

Analysis and Testing Laboratory, Higher Polytechnic School, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Jean-Maurille Ouamba

Plant and Life Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo

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APA Style

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Nicolas Ayessou, Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou, Martin Tchoumou, Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. (2021). Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis, 9(5), 152-161. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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ACS Style

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo; Nicolas Ayessou; Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou; Martin Tchoumou; Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal. 2021, 9(5), 152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

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AMA Style

Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo, Nicolas Ayessou, Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou, Martin Tchoumou, Codou Gueye Mar Diop, et al. Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo). Int J Environ Monit Anal. 2021;9(5):152-161. doi: 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16,
  author = {Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo and Nicolas Ayessou and Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou and Martin Tchoumou and Codou Gueye Mar Diop and Jean-Maurille Ouamba},
  title = {Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis},
  volume = {9},
  number = {5},
  pages = {152-161},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijema.20210905.16},
  abstract = {Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Vulnerability to Microbiological Pollution of Tap Water and Groundwater Consumed in the Southern Zone of the City of Brazzaville (Republic of the Congo)
AU  - Raison Félicien Louzayadio Mvouezolo
AU  - Nicolas Ayessou
AU  - Célestine Nkounkou Loumpangou
AU  - Martin Tchoumou
AU  - Codou Gueye Mar Diop
AU  - Jean-Maurille Ouamba
Y1  - 2021/10/16
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Analysis
SP  - 152
EP  - 161
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-7667
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijema.20210905.16
AB  - Water of good microbiological quality distributed through pipelines fully guarantees the health of the populations who drink it. Its availability would prevent the inadequate use of groundwater that is sometimes poorly treated and of questionable quality. This work proposes to conduct an investigation on the microbiological quality of tap and groundwater consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville in order to assess their hygienic state and the risks incurred by the populations. Thus, twenty-four (24) water samples taken in four districts underwent microbiological analyses. In tap water, the concentrations of total mesophilic aerobic flora (FMAT) vary from 132 to 48000 CFU / mL and 40% of the samples taken are contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus. Total coliforms bacteria (CT) are more abundant than faecal coliforms (CF), faecal streptococus (SF) and E. coli. Their concentration respectively varies of 2 to 236, 0 to 37, 0 to 6 and of 0 to 10 CFU/100 mL with a respective non-compliance rate of 100, 70, 50 and 30% relative to the WHO standard which is set at 0 CFU/100 mL. However, in groundwater, the FMAT content varies of 85 to 75000 CFU/mL and 78.57% of samples analyzed show contamination with Staphylococcus aureus with concentrations ranging between 1 and 135 CFU/100mL. In addition, 100, 85.71, 42.86 and 21.43% of the groundwater samples were contaminated by CT, CF, SF and E. coli respectively. Test results indicate that all tap and groundwater samples show high levels of contamination with faecal bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Escherichia coli), total coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and aerobic mesophilic flora total and are unfit for human consumption. The water consumed in the southern zone of the city of Brazzaville constitutes obvious health risks. It seems necessary to make the population aware of the danger incurred and urgent measures, both individual and by the public authorities, must be taken to remedy this situation.
VL  - 9
IS  - 5
ER  -

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