Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim

doi:doi:10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11

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Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim

Published in Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 1)

Received: 8 January 2021 Accepted: 18 January 2021 Published: 28 January 2021

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Abstract

The study investigated the proximate composition of local salt licks (toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria with a view to reveal the feeding value of the products and use as a substitute to the expensive conventional ones. Six novel mineral blocks from different sources (maize stover, maize comb and sorghum stover ) produced from Mubi-North and Madagali Local Government Areas were used for analysis. The proximate compositions of the samples were analyzed at the Clinical Biochemical Laboratory of Adamawa State University (ADSU) Mubi, Nigeria. Parameters determined include crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and moisture content (MC). Local salt licks (toka) had low mean crude protein (CP) of 3.9%, crude fibre (CF) of 0.8%, ether extract (EE) of 1.1%, ash of 0.8% and moisture content of 15.6%. Irrespective of the low nutrient composition of novel mineral licks, they can be used to improve acceptability, palatability and mineral supplementation in livestock feeds. This showed that, with time and good awareness, livestock producers will opt for the products as source of mineral supplements since they are cheaper and readily available in the study area. This could also conveniently substitute the usually imported, highly expensive mineral licks used for livestock production in the state and Nigeria as a whole.

Published in	Animal and Veterinary Sciences (Volume 9, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11
Page(s)	1-4
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Local Salt Licks, Livestock, Adamawa State, Nigeria

References

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[2]	Kubkomawa, H. I. (2017a). Supplementary Conventional Mineral Licks and the Productivity of Ruminant Animals in Tropical Africa: A Review. International Journal of Research Studies in Agricultural Sciences (IJRSAS), 3 (9): 45-57.
[3]	Black, J. G., Mosquera, D., Guerra, J., Loiselle, B. A., Romo, D., & Swing, K. (2011). "Mineral licks as diversity hotspots in lowland forest of Eastern Ecuador". Diversity, 3 (2), 217–234.
[4]	Mills, A., & Milewski, A. (2007). "Geophagy and nutrient supplementation in the Ngorongoro conservation area, Tanzania, with particular reference to selenium, cobalt and molybdenum". Journal of Zoology, 271 (1), 110–118.
[5]	Kubkomawa, H. I. (2017b). Development of Novel Mineral Licks (Toka) and the Livestock Industry Boom in North-eastern Nigeria. International Journal of Animal Research (IJAR), 1 (2): 0001-0020.
[6]	Mohammed, K. (1999). Historical background. In A. A. Adebayo and A. L. Tukur (Ed) Adamawa State in Maps. Yola, Paraclete Publishers, Pp. 39-84.
[7]	ASMLS (2010). Map of Nigeria Showing all States. Adamawa State Ministry of Land and Survey, Yola, Nigeria.
[8]	Adebayo, A. A. and Tukur, A. L. (1997). Adamawa State in Maps, Yola, Paraclete Publishers, pp. 8-45.
[9]	Adebayo, A. A. (1999). Climate, Sunshine, Temperature, Relative Humidity and Rainfall. Journal of Applied Sciences and Management, 1, 69-72.
[10]	AOAC (2004). Association of official analytical chemists. Official methods of analysis (21st Edition) Washington DC USA.
[11]	Puto (2015). Rice Recipes. Philippine Rice Research Institute.
[12]	NRC (1980). Mineral tolerance of domestic animals. National Research Council, Washington, D.C., National Academy of Sciences.
[13]	Upadhyay, N., Tiwari, M. R., Pandey, L. N., Karki, T. B., Acharya, R. Gairhe, S., & Acharya, Y. (2018). Economic analysis of the urea molasses mineral block feeding to lactating cattle of Nepal. Nepalese Journal of Agricultural Sciences, (16), 49-57.
[14]	FAO (2007). Food and Agricultural Organization. Experiences with urea-molasses multinutrient blocks in buffalo production and reproduction in smallholder dairy farming, Punjab, India. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome. pp. 59-70.
[15]	Geleta, T. (2013). Effect of supplementing grazing Arsi-Bale sheep with molasses-urea feed block on weight gain and economic return under farmers' management condition. Journal of Cell and Animal Biology, 7 (10), 125-131.
[16]	Adugna, T., M. C. Roger, G. L. Arthur, S. Tilahun and N. Tegene (2000). Nutritional constraints and future prospective for Goat Production in East Africa. In: proceeding of the conference on opportunities and challenges of enhancing goat production in east Africa, November 2000, Langston University, Langston, USA and Debub University, Awassa, Ethiopia. pp. 1-21.

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Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim. (2021). Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 9(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11

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Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim. Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2021, 9(1), 1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11

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AMA Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim. Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Anim Vet Sci. 2021;9(1):1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11

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@article{10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11,
  author = {Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim},
  title = {Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Animal and Veterinary Sciences},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-4},
  doi = {10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.avs.20210901.11},
  abstract = {The study investigated the proximate composition of local salt licks (toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria with a view to reveal the feeding value of the products and use as a substitute to the expensive conventional ones. Six novel mineral blocks from different sources (maize stover, maize comb and sorghum stover ) produced from Mubi-North and Madagali Local Government Areas were used for analysis. The proximate compositions of the samples were analyzed at the Clinical Biochemical Laboratory of Adamawa State University (ADSU) Mubi, Nigeria. Parameters determined include crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and moisture content (MC). Local salt licks (toka) had low mean crude protein (CP) of 3.9%, crude fibre (CF) of 0.8%, ether extract (EE) of 1.1%, ash of 0.8% and moisture content of 15.6%. Irrespective of the low nutrient composition of novel mineral licks, they can be used to improve acceptability, palatability and mineral supplementation in livestock feeds. This showed that, with time and good awareness, livestock producers will opt for the products as source of mineral supplements since they are cheaper and readily available in the study area. This could also conveniently substitute the usually imported, highly expensive mineral licks used for livestock production in the state and Nigeria as a whole.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria
AU  - Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim
Y1  - 2021/01/28
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11
T2  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
JF  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
JO  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
SP  - 1
EP  - 4
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5850
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11
AB  - The study investigated the proximate composition of local salt licks (toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria with a view to reveal the feeding value of the products and use as a substitute to the expensive conventional ones. Six novel mineral blocks from different sources (maize stover, maize comb and sorghum stover ) produced from Mubi-North and Madagali Local Government Areas were used for analysis. The proximate compositions of the samples were analyzed at the Clinical Biochemical Laboratory of Adamawa State University (ADSU) Mubi, Nigeria. Parameters determined include crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and moisture content (MC). Local salt licks (toka) had low mean crude protein (CP) of 3.9%, crude fibre (CF) of 0.8%, ether extract (EE) of 1.1%, ash of 0.8% and moisture content of 15.6%. Irrespective of the low nutrient composition of novel mineral licks, they can be used to improve acceptability, palatability and mineral supplementation in livestock feeds. This showed that, with time and good awareness, livestock producers will opt for the products as source of mineral supplements since they are cheaper and readily available in the study area. This could also conveniently substitute the usually imported, highly expensive mineral licks used for livestock production in the state and Nigeria as a whole.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim

Department of Fisheries Technology, School of Agricultural Technology, the Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, Nigeria

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim. (2021). Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 9(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11

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ACS Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim. Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Anim. Vet. Sci. 2021, 9(1), 1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim. Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria. Anim Vet Sci. 2021;9(1):1-4. doi: 10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11

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@article{10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11,
  author = {Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim},
  title = {Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria},
  journal = {Animal and Veterinary Sciences},
  volume = {9},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-4},
  doi = {10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.avs.20210901.11},
  abstract = {The study investigated the proximate composition of local salt licks (toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria with a view to reveal the feeding value of the products and use as a substitute to the expensive conventional ones. Six novel mineral blocks from different sources (maize stover, maize comb and sorghum stover ) produced from Mubi-North and Madagali Local Government Areas were used for analysis. The proximate compositions of the samples were analyzed at the Clinical Biochemical Laboratory of Adamawa State University (ADSU) Mubi, Nigeria. Parameters determined include crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and moisture content (MC). Local salt licks (toka) had low mean crude protein (CP) of 3.9%, crude fibre (CF) of 0.8%, ether extract (EE) of 1.1%, ash of 0.8% and moisture content of 15.6%. Irrespective of the low nutrient composition of novel mineral licks, they can be used to improve acceptability, palatability and mineral supplementation in livestock feeds. This showed that, with time and good awareness, livestock producers will opt for the products as source of mineral supplements since they are cheaper and readily available in the study area. This could also conveniently substitute the usually imported, highly expensive mineral licks used for livestock production in the state and Nigeria as a whole.},
 year = {2021}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Proximate Composition of Local Salt Licks (Toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria
AU  - Kubkomawa Hayatu Ibrahim
Y1  - 2021/01/28
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11
T2  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
JF  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
JO  - Animal and Veterinary Sciences
SP  - 1
EP  - 4
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5850
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.avs.20210901.11
AB  - The study investigated the proximate composition of local salt licks (toka) in Adamawa State, Nigeria with a view to reveal the feeding value of the products and use as a substitute to the expensive conventional ones. Six novel mineral blocks from different sources (maize stover, maize comb and sorghum stover ) produced from Mubi-North and Madagali Local Government Areas were used for analysis. The proximate compositions of the samples were analyzed at the Clinical Biochemical Laboratory of Adamawa State University (ADSU) Mubi, Nigeria. Parameters determined include crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), ash (AS) and moisture content (MC). Local salt licks (toka) had low mean crude protein (CP) of 3.9%, crude fibre (CF) of 0.8%, ether extract (EE) of 1.1%, ash of 0.8% and moisture content of 15.6%. Irrespective of the low nutrient composition of novel mineral licks, they can be used to improve acceptability, palatability and mineral supplementation in livestock feeds. This showed that, with time and good awareness, livestock producers will opt for the products as source of mineral supplements since they are cheaper and readily available in the study area. This could also conveniently substitute the usually imported, highly expensive mineral licks used for livestock production in the state and Nigeria as a whole.
VL  - 9
IS  - 1
ER  -

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