An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim; Collins Gbeti; Abdulai Abubakari; Abdul Rahaman Issahaku; Abukari Wumbei

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15

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An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim, Collins Gbeti, Abdulai Abubakari, Abdul Rahaman Issahaku, Abukari Wumbei

Published in American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 11, Issue 2)

Received: 1 April 2022 Accepted: 20 April 2022 Published: 28 April 2022

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Abstract

CLTS is by far the most widely implemented rural-based sanitation intervention across lower middle-income countries worldwide. Today, within the National Environmental Sanitation policy (NESP), CLTS has been acknowledged as the preferred approach to scale-up rural sanitation and hygiene in Ghana. The approach focuses on igniting a change in sanitation behaviour rather than constructing toilets. This research was intended to evaluate the CLTS implementation process from the beneficiary perspective in Bole District. The cross-sectional study employed the mixed method approach using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in collecting data from a sample of 137 households from 20 communities. In addition, 2 Environmental Health Officers, 10 Natural Leaders and 1 management team member of Bole District Assembly were also interviewed. The qualitative data were manually analyzed using thematic content analysis and the quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0. The findings of the study revealed high level of knowledge about the CLTS concept among the participants (66.3%). The study further revealed that the entire CLTS implementation process within the district was largely in line with established CLTS implementation processes and procedures. However, specific activities such as enactment of community regulations, children and local authority involvements in the implementation process was either not carried out or was poorly done. In terms of the general impression of the participants about the CLTS implementation process, majority of the respondents rated the process as below standard. The study recommends the development and enforcement of a comprehensive CLTS implementation framework by the government.

Published in	American Journal of Environmental Protection (Volume 11, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15
Page(s)	39-46
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sanitation, Community, Open Defecation, Triggering, Latrine Construction, Implementation, CLTS

References

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[3]	O’Connell K. What Influences Open Defecation and Latrine Ownership in Rural Households?: Findings from a Global Review. 2014; (August): 38.
[4]	MLGRD. FROM TRIGGERING TO OPEN: A Step By Step Guide for CLTS Facilitators. 2013.
[5]	Harter M. Understanding Mechanisms and Effectiveness of Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS)) in Promoting the Use of Safe Sanitation Services. 2018.
[6]	Lisa Cameron MS. Discussion Paper Series Scaling Up Sanitation : Evidence from an RCT in Indonesia. 2017; (10619).
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[8]	Harter M, Mosch S, Mosler HJ. How does Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) affect latrine ownership? A quantitative case study from Mozambique. BMC Public Health. 2018; 18 (1): 1–10.
[9]	Alhassan A, Anyarayor BK. Determinants of adoption of open defecation-free (ODF) innovations : A case study of Nadowli-Kaleo district, Ghana. 2018; 5 (2): 54–69.
[10]	Mehta L, Marshall F, Movik S, Stirling A, Shah E, Smith A. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS): Challenges and opportunities. 2009.
[11]	RCC. 7th Open Defaecation free League Table. Environmental and Sanitation Unit. Northern Regional Coordinating Council. 2019.
[12]	Gaille L. Reseeach Methods, advantages and disadvantages: second edition. 2018.
[13]	Cochran WG. Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1977.
[14]	Adjibolosoo SVK. Behavioural and Cultural Factor that influence Open Defaecation among first cycle School Pupils in the Eastern and Volta Regions of Ghana. University of Ghana; 2017.
[15]	Meeks JV. Willingness-to-pay for maintenance and improvements to existing sanitation infrastructure : Assessing community-led total sanitation in Mopti, Mali. 2012; (January): 173.
[16]	Chambers R. Going to Scale with Community-Led Total Sanitation: Reflections on Experience, Issues and Ways Forward. 2009; 2009 (1).
[17]	Mosler H, Harter M, Lilje J, Sciences ES. Implementation factors enhancing the effectiveness of CLTS on latrine coverage in communities of rural Ghana. 1–10.

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APA Style

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim, Collins Gbeti, Abdulai Abubakari, Abdul Rahaman Issahaku, Abukari Wumbei. (2022). An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 11(2), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15

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ACS Style

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim; Collins Gbeti; Abdulai Abubakari; Abdul Rahaman Issahaku; Abukari Wumbei. An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2022, 11(2), 39-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15

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AMA Style

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim, Collins Gbeti, Abdulai Abubakari, Abdul Rahaman Issahaku, Abukari Wumbei. An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana. Am J Environ Prot. 2022;11(2):39-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15,
  author = {Jonathan Kumah Nanyim and Collins Gbeti and Abdulai Abubakari and Abdul Rahaman Issahaku and Abukari Wumbei},
  title = {An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {39-46},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20221102.15},
  abstract = {CLTS is by far the most widely implemented rural-based sanitation intervention across lower middle-income countries worldwide. Today, within the National Environmental Sanitation policy (NESP), CLTS has been acknowledged as the preferred approach to scale-up rural sanitation and hygiene in Ghana. The approach focuses on igniting a change in sanitation behaviour rather than constructing toilets. This research was intended to evaluate the CLTS implementation process from the beneficiary perspective in Bole District. The cross-sectional study employed the mixed method approach using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in collecting data from a sample of 137 households from 20 communities. In addition, 2 Environmental Health Officers, 10 Natural Leaders and 1 management team member of Bole District Assembly were also interviewed. The qualitative data were manually analyzed using thematic content analysis and the quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0. The findings of the study revealed high level of knowledge about the CLTS concept among the participants (66.3%). The study further revealed that the entire CLTS implementation process within the district was largely in line with established CLTS implementation processes and procedures. However, specific activities such as enactment of community regulations, children and local authority involvements in the implementation process was either not carried out or was poorly done. In terms of the general impression of the participants about the CLTS implementation process, majority of the respondents rated the process as below standard. The study recommends the development and enforcement of a comprehensive CLTS implementation framework by the government.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana
AU  - Jonathan Kumah Nanyim
AU  - Collins Gbeti
AU  - Abdulai Abubakari
AU  - Abdul Rahaman Issahaku
AU  - Abukari Wumbei
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PY  - 2022
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DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 39
EP  - 46
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15
AB  - CLTS is by far the most widely implemented rural-based sanitation intervention across lower middle-income countries worldwide. Today, within the National Environmental Sanitation policy (NESP), CLTS has been acknowledged as the preferred approach to scale-up rural sanitation and hygiene in Ghana. The approach focuses on igniting a change in sanitation behaviour rather than constructing toilets. This research was intended to evaluate the CLTS implementation process from the beneficiary perspective in Bole District. The cross-sectional study employed the mixed method approach using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in collecting data from a sample of 137 households from 20 communities. In addition, 2 Environmental Health Officers, 10 Natural Leaders and 1 management team member of Bole District Assembly were also interviewed. The qualitative data were manually analyzed using thematic content analysis and the quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0. The findings of the study revealed high level of knowledge about the CLTS concept among the participants (66.3%). The study further revealed that the entire CLTS implementation process within the district was largely in line with established CLTS implementation processes and procedures. However, specific activities such as enactment of community regulations, children and local authority involvements in the implementation process was either not carried out or was poorly done. In terms of the general impression of the participants about the CLTS implementation process, majority of the respondents rated the process as below standard. The study recommends the development and enforcement of a comprehensive CLTS implementation framework by the government.
VL  - 11
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Author Information

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim

Department of Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
Collins Gbeti

Department of Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
Abdulai Abubakari

Department of Behavioural Sciences, School of Public Health, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
Abdul Rahaman Issahaku

School of Engineering, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana
Abukari Wumbei

Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Department of Evidence, Planning and Policy, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

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APA Style

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim, Collins Gbeti, Abdulai Abubakari, Abdul Rahaman Issahaku, Abukari Wumbei. (2022). An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana. American Journal of Environmental Protection, 11(2), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15

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ACS Style

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim; Collins Gbeti; Abdulai Abubakari; Abdul Rahaman Issahaku; Abukari Wumbei. An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana. Am. J. Environ. Prot. 2022, 11(2), 39-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15

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AMA Style

Jonathan Kumah Nanyim, Collins Gbeti, Abdulai Abubakari, Abdul Rahaman Issahaku, Abukari Wumbei. An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana. Am J Environ Prot. 2022;11(2):39-46. doi: 10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15,
  author = {Jonathan Kumah Nanyim and Collins Gbeti and Abdulai Abubakari and Abdul Rahaman Issahaku and Abukari Wumbei},
  title = {An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana},
  journal = {American Journal of Environmental Protection},
  volume = {11},
  number = {2},
  pages = {39-46},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajep.20221102.15},
  abstract = {CLTS is by far the most widely implemented rural-based sanitation intervention across lower middle-income countries worldwide. Today, within the National Environmental Sanitation policy (NESP), CLTS has been acknowledged as the preferred approach to scale-up rural sanitation and hygiene in Ghana. The approach focuses on igniting a change in sanitation behaviour rather than constructing toilets. This research was intended to evaluate the CLTS implementation process from the beneficiary perspective in Bole District. The cross-sectional study employed the mixed method approach using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in collecting data from a sample of 137 households from 20 communities. In addition, 2 Environmental Health Officers, 10 Natural Leaders and 1 management team member of Bole District Assembly were also interviewed. The qualitative data were manually analyzed using thematic content analysis and the quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0. The findings of the study revealed high level of knowledge about the CLTS concept among the participants (66.3%). The study further revealed that the entire CLTS implementation process within the district was largely in line with established CLTS implementation processes and procedures. However, specific activities such as enactment of community regulations, children and local authority involvements in the implementation process was either not carried out or was poorly done. In terms of the general impression of the participants about the CLTS implementation process, majority of the respondents rated the process as below standard. The study recommends the development and enforcement of a comprehensive CLTS implementation framework by the government.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - An Evaluation of the CLTS Implementation Process from the Beneficiary Perspective: A Cross-sectional Study from the Bole District of the Savannah Region, Ghana
AU  - Jonathan Kumah Nanyim
AU  - Collins Gbeti
AU  - Abdulai Abubakari
AU  - Abdul Rahaman Issahaku
AU  - Abukari Wumbei
Y1  - 2022/04/28
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15
T2  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JF  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
JO  - American Journal of Environmental Protection
SP  - 39
EP  - 46
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5699
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajep.20221102.15
AB  - CLTS is by far the most widely implemented rural-based sanitation intervention across lower middle-income countries worldwide. Today, within the National Environmental Sanitation policy (NESP), CLTS has been acknowledged as the preferred approach to scale-up rural sanitation and hygiene in Ghana. The approach focuses on igniting a change in sanitation behaviour rather than constructing toilets. This research was intended to evaluate the CLTS implementation process from the beneficiary perspective in Bole District. The cross-sectional study employed the mixed method approach using questionnaires, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews in collecting data from a sample of 137 households from 20 communities. In addition, 2 Environmental Health Officers, 10 Natural Leaders and 1 management team member of Bole District Assembly were also interviewed. The qualitative data were manually analyzed using thematic content analysis and the quantitative data were analyzed using the SPSS version 22.0. The findings of the study revealed high level of knowledge about the CLTS concept among the participants (66.3%). The study further revealed that the entire CLTS implementation process within the district was largely in line with established CLTS implementation processes and procedures. However, specific activities such as enactment of community regulations, children and local authority involvements in the implementation process was either not carried out or was poorly done. In terms of the general impression of the participants about the CLTS implementation process, majority of the respondents rated the process as below standard. The study recommends the development and enforcement of a comprehensive CLTS implementation framework by the government.
VL  - 11
IS  - 2
ER  -

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