Vernonia Amygdalina is a well-known and widely used plant in traditional African medicine. The decoctions of its leaves are used in the treatment of many pathologies including hepatitis, diabetes, cancer etc. It is a plant very rich in phenolic compounds, generally responsible for the biological activity of plants. In this study, we determined the optimal extraction conditions, including temperature, duration, and solvent mass/volume ratio. Subsequently, the total polyphenol contents are determined under these optimal conditions, then the antiradical activity evaluated. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds, with gallic acid as a reference. The radical DPPH· made it possible to measure the antioxidant power of the extract, with reference to Trolox. This study showed that the optimal conditions for extracting the bioactive molecules responsible for the antioxidant activity are obtained for a temperature of 80°C, for a period of 30 min in a ratio of 1%. Under these conditions, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents are respectively equal to 10.536 ± 0.145 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 1.930 ± 0.043 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Furthermore, the results show a maximum inhibition of 41.95% for a concentration of 0.044 mg/mL, for 30 minutes. The antioxidant properties were measured and demonstrated by the kinetics of reduction with DPPH·, thus showing an inhibitory power of 75% and a fairly slow reduction reaction. This high content of phenolic compounds and the fairly significant inhibitory power of Vernonia amygdalina justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous pathologies.
| Published in | American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 6) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12 |
| Page(s) | 176-182 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Vernonia amygdalina, Extraction, Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Antioxidant Activity
| [1] | Omisore, A. D., Abiodun, A. A., Adeyemi, D. O., Abijo, A. Z., Jolayemi, K. A., Odedeyi, A. A. (2022). Therapeutic effects of Vernonia amygdalina on the expression of hormone and HER2 receptors in 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast tumours in obese and non-obese Wistar rats. Phytomedicine Plus, 2 (3), 100318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phyplu.2022.100318 |
| [2] | Liu, X., Tian, W., Zhou, M., Xu, Q., Feng, J., Yang, R., He, S., Wang, G., Lin, T., Chen, H. (2022). Bisabolane-type sesquiterpenes from Vernonia amygdalina: Absolute configuration and anti-inflammatory activity. Phytochemistry, 201, 113283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113283 |
| [3] | Onyibe, P. N., Edo, G. I., Nwosu, L. C., Ozgor, E. (2021). Effects of vernonia amygdalina fractionate on glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase on alloxan induced diabetes wistar rat. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 36, 102118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102118 |
| [4] | World Health Organization, 2006. Diabetes. Checklist. No. 312, 236. WHO-Geneva. Press Release/63. The global burden of diabetes. WHO-Geneva. (2006). |
| [5] | Squares, A., Savadogo, G., Gnawali, D. P., Sauerborn, R. (2008). Du2 does community-based health insurance improve access to drugs and health care for the poorest in Africa? Value in Health, 11 (3), A19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1098-3015(10)70073-5 |
| [6] | Chinsembu, K. C. (2016). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal flora utilised by traditional healers in the management of sexually transmitted infections in Sesheke District, Western Province, Zambia. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 26 (2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.030 |
| [7] | Wayland, C. (2004). The failure of pharmaceuticals and the power of plants: medicinal discourse as a critique of modernity in the Amazon. Social Science Medicine, 58 (12), 2409–2419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.09.023 |
| [8] | Verpoorte, R. (1998). Exploration of nature’s chemodiversity: the role of secondary metabolites as leads in drug development. Drug Discovery Today, 3 (5), 232–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(97)01167-7 |
| [9] | Ugbogu, E. A., Emmanuel, O., Dike, E. D., Agi, G. O., Ugbogu, O. C., Ibe, C., Iweala, E. J. (2021). The Phytochemistry, Ethnobotanical, and Pharmacological Potentials of the Medicinal Plant-Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter Leaf). Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology, 1 (1), 100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmp.2021.100006 |
| [10] | Eze, J. C., Okafor, F., Nwankwo, N. E., Okeke, E. S., Onwudiwe, N. N. (2020). Schistosomiasis prevention option: toxicological evaluation of Vernonia amygdalina on the tissues of Bulinus truncatus at different pH conditions. Heliyon, 6 (8), e04796. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04796 |
| [11] | Oladele, J. O., Oyeleke, O. M., Oladele, O. T., Olaniyan, M. (2020). Neuroprotective mechanism of Vernonia amygdalina in a rat model of neurodegenerative diseases. Toxicology Reports, 7, 1223–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.09.005 |
| [12] | Alawa, C. B. I., Adamu, A. M., Gefu, J. O., Ajanusi, O. J., Abdu, P. A., Chiezey, N. P., Alawa, J. N., Bowman, D. D. (2003). In vitro screening of two Nigerian medicinal plants (Vernonia amygdalina and Annona senegalensis) for anthelmintic activity. Veterinary Parasitology, 113 (1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00040-2 |
| [13] | Oyeyemi, I. T., Akinlabi, A. A., Adewumi, A., Aleshinloye, A. O., Oyeyemi, O. T. (2018). Vernonia amygdalina: A folkloric herb with anthelminthic properties. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7 (1), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2017.07.007 |
| [14] | Suleman, S., Tufa, T. B., Kebebe, D., Belew, S., Mekonnen, Y., Gashe, F., Mussa, S., Wynendaele, E., Duchateau, L., Spiegeleer, B. D. (2018). Treatment of malaria and related symptoms using traditional herbal medicine in Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 213, 262–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.10.034 |
| [15] | IfedibaluChukwu, E. I., Aparoop, D., Kamaruz, Z. (2020). Antidiabetic, anthelmintic and antioxidation properties of novel and new phytocompounds isolated from the methanolic stem-bark of Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae). Scientific African, 10, e00578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00578 |
| [16] | Adefisayo, M. A., Akomolafe, R. O., Akinsomisoye, S. O., Alabi, Q. K., Ogundipe, O. L., Omole, J. G., Olamilosoye, K. P. (2017). Gastro-protective effect of methanol extract of Vernonia amygdalina (del.) leaf on aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in Wistar rats. Toxicology Reports, 4, 625–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.11.004 |
| [17] | Liu, X., Yang, R., Xu, Q., Zhou, M., Feng, J., Wang, G., Lin, T., Tian, W., Chen, H. (2022). Tautomeric phytosterols from Vernonia amygdalina Delile and their anti-cervical cancer activity. Bioorganic Chemistry, 128, 106068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106068 |
| [18] | Hasibuan, P. A. Z., Harahap, U., Sitorus, P., Satria, D. (2020). The anticancer activities of Vernonia amygdalina Delile. Leaves on 4T1 breast cancer cells through phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Heliyon, 6 (7), e04449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04449 |
| [19] | Johnson, W., Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G. (2017). Therapeutic Mechanisms of Vernonia amygdalina Delile in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Molecules, 22 (10). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22101594 |
| [20] | Wong, F. C., Woo, C. C., Hsu, A., Tan, B. K. H. (2013). The Anti-Cancer Activities of Vernonia amygdalina Extract in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines Are Mediated through Caspase-Dependent and p53-Independent Pathways. PLOS ONE, 8 (10), e78021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078021 |
| [21] | Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28 (1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5 |
| [22] | Scherer, R., Godoy, H. T. (2009). Antioxidant activity index (AAI) by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl method. Food Chemistry, 112 (3), 654–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.06.026 |
| [23] | Ronchetti, F., Russo, G., Bombardelli, E., Bonati, A. (1971). A new alkaloid from Rauwolfia vomitoria. Phytochemistry, 10 (6), 1385–1388. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84347-2 |
| [24] | Rechner, A. R., Kuhnle, G., Bremner, P., Hubbard, G. P., Moore, K. P., Rice-Evans, C. A. (2002). The metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols in humans. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 33 (2), 220–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00877-8 |
| [25] | Cicco, N., Lanorte, M. T., Paraggio, M., Viggiano, M., Lattanzio, V. (2009). A reproducible, rapid and inexpensive Folin–Ciocalteu micro-method in determining phenolics of plant methanol extracts. Microchemical Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2008.08.011 |
| [26] | Ibrahim Dirar, A., Alsaadi, D., Wada, M., Mohamed, M., Watanabe, T., Devkota, H. (2019). Effects of extraction solvents on total phenolic and flavonoid contents and biological activities of extracts from Sudanese medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany, 120, 261–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.003 |
| [27] | Gaye, A. A., Cisse, O. I. K., Ndiaye, B., Ayessou, N. C., Cisse, M., & Diop, C. M. (2019). Evaluation of Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity of Aqueous Extracts of Three Carica papaya Varieties Cultivated in Senegal. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 10 (3), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2019.103021 |
| [28] | Celhay, C., Mathieu, C. E., Candy, L., Vilarem, G., Rigal, L. (2014). Aqueous extraction of polyphenols and antiradicals from wood by-products by a twin-screw extractor: Feasibility study. Comptes Rendus Chimie, 17 (3), 204–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2014.01.008 |
| [29] | Atangwho, I. J., Egbung, G. E., Ahmad, M., Yam, M. F., Asmawi, M. Z. (2013). Antioxidant versus anti-diabetic properties of leaves from Vernonia amygdalina Del. growing in Malaysia. Food Chemistry, 141 (4), 3428–3434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.06.047 |
APA Style
Bedie Mbow, Aïssatou Alioune Gaye, Birane Diop, Abba Diarra Kone, Ibrahima Diallo, et al. (2022). Optimization of Extraction Parameters, Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(6), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12
ACS Style
Bedie Mbow; Aïssatou Alioune Gaye; Birane Diop; Abba Diarra Kone; Ibrahima Diallo, et al. Optimization of Extraction Parameters, Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2022, 10(6), 176-182. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12
AMA Style
Bedie Mbow, Aïssatou Alioune Gaye, Birane Diop, Abba Diarra Kone, Ibrahima Diallo, et al. Optimization of Extraction Parameters, Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves. Am J Appl Chem. 2022;10(6):176-182. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12,
author = {Bedie Mbow and Aïssatou Alioune Gaye and Birane Diop and Abba Diarra Kone and Ibrahima Diallo and Mohamed Gaye},
title = {Optimization of Extraction Parameters, Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves},
journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
volume = {10},
number = {6},
pages = {176-182},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20221006.12},
abstract = {Vernonia Amygdalina is a well-known and widely used plant in traditional African medicine. The decoctions of its leaves are used in the treatment of many pathologies including hepatitis, diabetes, cancer etc. It is a plant very rich in phenolic compounds, generally responsible for the biological activity of plants. In this study, we determined the optimal extraction conditions, including temperature, duration, and solvent mass/volume ratio. Subsequently, the total polyphenol contents are determined under these optimal conditions, then the antiradical activity evaluated. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds, with gallic acid as a reference. The radical DPPH· made it possible to measure the antioxidant power of the extract, with reference to Trolox. This study showed that the optimal conditions for extracting the bioactive molecules responsible for the antioxidant activity are obtained for a temperature of 80°C, for a period of 30 min in a ratio of 1%. Under these conditions, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents are respectively equal to 10.536 ± 0.145 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 1.930 ± 0.043 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Furthermore, the results show a maximum inhibition of 41.95% for a concentration of 0.044 mg/mL, for 30 minutes. The antioxidant properties were measured and demonstrated by the kinetics of reduction with DPPH·, thus showing an inhibitory power of 75% and a fairly slow reduction reaction. This high content of phenolic compounds and the fairly significant inhibitory power of Vernonia amygdalina justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous pathologies.},
year = {2022}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Optimization of Extraction Parameters, Total Polyphenols and Flavonoids Contents, and Antioxidant Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves AU - Bedie Mbow AU - Aïssatou Alioune Gaye AU - Birane Diop AU - Abba Diarra Kone AU - Ibrahima Diallo AU - Mohamed Gaye Y1 - 2022/11/30 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12 T2 - American Journal of Applied Chemistry JF - American Journal of Applied Chemistry JO - American Journal of Applied Chemistry SP - 176 EP - 182 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2330-8745 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221006.12 AB - Vernonia Amygdalina is a well-known and widely used plant in traditional African medicine. The decoctions of its leaves are used in the treatment of many pathologies including hepatitis, diabetes, cancer etc. It is a plant very rich in phenolic compounds, generally responsible for the biological activity of plants. In this study, we determined the optimal extraction conditions, including temperature, duration, and solvent mass/volume ratio. Subsequently, the total polyphenol contents are determined under these optimal conditions, then the antiradical activity evaluated. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was used to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds, with gallic acid as a reference. The radical DPPH· made it possible to measure the antioxidant power of the extract, with reference to Trolox. This study showed that the optimal conditions for extracting the bioactive molecules responsible for the antioxidant activity are obtained for a temperature of 80°C, for a period of 30 min in a ratio of 1%. Under these conditions, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents are respectively equal to 10.536 ± 0.145 mg/g gallic acid equivalent and 1.930 ± 0.043 mg/g quercetin equivalent. Furthermore, the results show a maximum inhibition of 41.95% for a concentration of 0.044 mg/mL, for 30 minutes. The antioxidant properties were measured and demonstrated by the kinetics of reduction with DPPH·, thus showing an inhibitory power of 75% and a fairly slow reduction reaction. This high content of phenolic compounds and the fairly significant inhibitory power of Vernonia amygdalina justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of numerous pathologies. VL - 10 IS - 6 ER -
Information
Email: