Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope

Kokou Kossi; Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane; Tchegueni Sanonka; Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan; Koriko Moursalou; Tchangbedji Gado

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17

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Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope

Kokou Kossi, Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane, Tchegueni Sanonka, Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan, Koriko Moursalou, Tchangbedji Gado

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 5)

Received: 1 October 2022 Accepted: 28 October 2022 Published: 31 October 2022

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Abstract

The search for higher and higher agricultural yields leads to the use of chemical fertilizers and phytosanitary products. The abusive or repeated use of these agricultural inputs results in soil, surface water and groundwater pollution. With the development of this new form of agriculture, the input of heavy metals to the soil has increased. Research on the fate of these pollutants in the environment is important. It is within this framework that this study was undertaken to evaluate the level of pollution due to trace metals in soils in the cotton growing zone in southern Togo. Soil samples were taken in cotton fields during the dry season. The first analyses led to the determination of some physico-chemical characteristics of the soils including pH, granulometry as well as the cation exchange capacity (CEC). These first two parameters revealed that the soil was slightly acidic and essentially clayey in texture. Then, after mineralization of the soils, the solutions obtained were analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Twelve (12) metals (V, Cd, Hg, Na, Cr, Ni, Sn, Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Fe) were studied. The concentration of metal ions varies from 0.0038 mg/kg (for vanadium to 5647.31 mg/kg (for iron). The order of abundance for the elements is as follows: V< Ni < Cr < Cd < Na < Hg < Sn < As < Pb < Cu < Zn < Fe. The values found during the analyses compared to the French standards (0.7mg/kg for Cd and 60 mg/kg for Pb) shows that no investigation threshold is reached.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 10, Issue 5)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17
Page(s)	164-169
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Soil, Granulometry, Pollution, Agricultural Inputs, Metallic Trace Elements, Investigation Threshold

References

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[2]	Vaissayre M, and Cretenet M. 2008. Environmental Risks in Cotton Production in Francophone Africa: Assessment and Current Developments ICAC 67 Environmental Risk in Cotton Production Technical Seminar, 20 November 2008 Ouagadougou.
[3]	Kara-Peketi K, Atassime S, Kemkoï H, Robin H, and Frimat P. 2009. Evaluation of the chemical risk and prevention steps among cotton producers in Togo. About a 2003-2008 longitudinal follow-up Archives of Occupational and Environmental Diseases 70: 634-641.
[4]	KINTCHE, 2011. Analysis and modeling of the evolution of the indicators of the fertility of cultivated soils in the cotton zone in Togo. Page 1 of 215.
[5]	AUBERT Georges, 1984: Etude des sols et classification: introduction à l'approche morphogénétique. Jubilee book of AFES 1984, 41-45. [AUBERT Georges, 1984: Soil study and classification: introduction to the morphogenetic approach. Jubilee book of AFES 1984, 41-45.]
[6]	Smaling, E. M. A., Stoorvegel, J. J., 1990. Assessment of soil nutrient depletion in Sub-Saharan Africa: 1983-2000. Main Rep, 28, vol. 1-4. Winand Staring Ctr, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
[7]	Pieri, C., 1992. Fertility of Soils: A Future for Farming in the West African Savannah. Springer Series in Physical Environment, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 348 p.
[8]	Deen, W., Kataki, P. K., 2003. Carbon sequestration in a long-term conventional versus conservation tillae experiment. Soil and Tillage Research, 74, 143-150.
[9]	Fesneau, C., 2004. Observatory of soil fertility in North Cameroon. DEA thesis. Montpellier, 82p.
[10]	Fournier E, and Bonderef J. 1983. Les produits antiparasitaires à usage agricole. Conditions of use and toxicology. Paris: Tec. et doc. Lavoisier. [Fournier E, and Bonderef J. 1983. Pest control products for agricultural use. Conditions of use and toxicology. Paris: Tec. and doc. Lavoisier].
[11]	Mathieu C. and F. Pieltain (2003). Chemical analysis of soils: Selected methods, Lavoisier.
[12]	Ouattara, B., 1994. Contribution to the study of the evolution of physical properties of a tropical ferruginous soil ferruginous tropical soil under cultivation: Cultivation practices and structural states of the soil. Thesis of Doctor-Engineer, National University of Ivory Coast, Abidjan, 153 p.
[13]	Feller, C., Bernhard-Reversat, F., Garcia, J. L., Pantier, J. J., Roussos, S., van Vliet-Lanoe B., 1983. Study of the organic matter of different granulometric fractions of a soil.
[14]	Mem. D. U. E. S. S., D. E. P., Univ. Picardie, Amiens (1999).
[15]	Diyakadola Diheenane BAFAI. Moursalou KORIKO, Sanonka TCHEGUENI, Gado TCHANGBEDJI, Georges MERLINA and Mohamed SARAKHA. (2018), Évaluation de la contamination des sols des zones de culture cotonnière au Togo par les pesticides Organochlorés : Cas de la station expérimentale de Kolokopé. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studie, 24, 1131-1138, 2018. ISSN 2028-9324. [Diyakadola Diheenane BAFAI. Moursalou KORIKO, Sanonka TCHEGUENI, Gado TCHANGBEDJI, Georges MERLINA and Mohamed SARAKHA. (2018), Evaluation of soil contamination in cotton growing areas in Togo by organochlorine pesticides: Case of the Kolokopé experimental station. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 24, 1131-1138, 2018. ISSN 2028-9324].
[16]	Mawussi (2008), Bilan environnemental de l'utilisation de pesticides organochlorés dans les cultures de coton, café et cacao au Togo et recherche d'alternatives par l'évaluation du pouvoir insecticide d'extraits de plantes locales contre le scolyte du café (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) (Page 60 of 207). [Mawussi (2008), Environmental assessment of the use of organochlorine pesticides in cotton, coffee and cocoa crops in Togo and search for alternatives by evaluating the insecticidal power of local plant extracts against the bark beetle. coffee (Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari) (Page 60 of 207).]
[17]	Baize, D. (2000): Total contents of "heavy metals" in French soils, general results of the ASPITET program. Le Courrier de l'environnement, 39, 14p.

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APA Style

Kokou Kossi, Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane, Tchegueni Sanonka, Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan, Koriko Moursalou, et al. (2022). Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(5), 164-169. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17

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ACS Style

Kokou Kossi; Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane; Tchegueni Sanonka; Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan; Koriko Moursalou, et al. Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2022, 10(5), 164-169. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17

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AMA Style

Kokou Kossi, Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane, Tchegueni Sanonka, Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan, Koriko Moursalou, et al. Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope. Am J Appl Chem. 2022;10(5):164-169. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17,
  author = {Kokou Kossi and Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane and Tchegueni Sanonka and Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan and Koriko Moursalou and Tchangbedji Gado},
  title = {Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {164-169},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20221005.17},
  abstract = {The search for higher and higher agricultural yields leads to the use of chemical fertilizers and phytosanitary products. The abusive or repeated use of these agricultural inputs results in soil, surface water and groundwater pollution. With the development of this new form of agriculture, the input of heavy metals to the soil has increased. Research on the fate of these pollutants in the environment is important. It is within this framework that this study was undertaken to evaluate the level of pollution due to trace metals in soils in the cotton growing zone in southern Togo. Soil samples were taken in cotton fields during the dry season. The first analyses led to the determination of some physico-chemical characteristics of the soils including pH, granulometry as well as the cation exchange capacity (CEC). These first two parameters revealed that the soil was slightly acidic and essentially clayey in texture. Then, after mineralization of the soils, the solutions obtained were analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Twelve (12) metals (V, Cd, Hg, Na, Cr, Ni, Sn, Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Fe) were studied. The concentration of metal ions varies from 0.0038 mg/kg (for vanadium to 5647.31 mg/kg (for iron). The order of abundance for the elements is as follows: V< Ni < Cr < Cd < Na < Hg < Sn < As < Pb < Cu < Zn < Fe. The values found during the analyses compared to the French standards (0.7mg/kg for Cd and 60 mg/kg for Pb) shows that no investigation threshold is reached.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY - JOUR
T1 - Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope
AU - Kokou Kossi
AU - Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane
AU - Tchegueni Sanonka
AU - Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan
AU - Koriko Moursalou
AU - Tchangbedji Gado
Y1 - 2022/10/31
PY - 2022
N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17
DO - 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17
T2 - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP - 164
EP - 169
PB - Science Publishing Group
SN - 2330-8745
UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17
AB - The search for higher and higher agricultural yields leads to the use of chemical fertilizers and phytosanitary products. The abusive or repeated use of these agricultural inputs results in soil, surface water and groundwater pollution. With the development of this new form of agriculture, the input of heavy metals to the soil has increased. Research on the fate of these pollutants in the environment is important. It is within this framework that this study was undertaken to evaluate the level of pollution due to trace metals in soils in the cotton growing zone in southern Togo. Soil samples were taken in cotton fields during the dry season. The first analyses led to the determination of some physico-chemical characteristics of the soils including pH, granulometry as well as the cation exchange capacity (CEC). These first two parameters revealed that the soil was slightly acidic and essentially clayey in texture. Then, after mineralization of the soils, the solutions obtained were analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Twelve (12) metals (V, Cd, Hg, Na, Cr, Ni, Sn, Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Fe) were studied. The concentration of metal ions varies from 0.0038 mg/kg (for vanadium to 5647.31 mg/kg (for iron). The order of abundance for the elements is as follows: V< Ni < Cr < Cd < Na < Hg < Sn < As < Pb < Cu < Zn < Fe. The values found during the analyses compared to the French standards (0.7mg/kg for Cd and 60 mg/kg for Pb) shows that no investigation threshold is reached.
VL - 10
IS - 5
ER -

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Author Information

Kokou Kossi

Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, Laboratory Management Treatment and Valorization of Waste, Lome, Togo
Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane

Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, Laboratory Management Treatment and Valorization of Waste, Lome, Togo
Tchegueni Sanonka

Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, Laboratory Management Treatment and Valorization of Waste, Lome, Togo
Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan

Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, Laboratory Management Treatment and Valorization of Waste, Lome, Togo
Koriko Moursalou

Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, Laboratory Management Treatment and Valorization of Waste, Lome, Togo
Tchangbedji Gado

Faculty of Sciences, University of Lome, Laboratory Management Treatment and Valorization of Waste, Lome, Togo

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APA Style

Kokou Kossi, Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane, Tchegueni Sanonka, Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan, Koriko Moursalou, et al. (2022). Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 10(5), 164-169. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17

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ACS Style

Kokou Kossi; Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane; Tchegueni Sanonka; Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan; Koriko Moursalou, et al. Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2022, 10(5), 164-169. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17

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AMA Style

Kokou Kossi, Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane, Tchegueni Sanonka, Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan, Koriko Moursalou, et al. Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope. Am J Appl Chem. 2022;10(5):164-169. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17,
  author = {Kokou Kossi and Bafai Diyakadola Diheenane and Tchegueni Sanonka and Degbe Koffi Agbegnigan and Koriko Moursalou and Tchangbedji Gado},
  title = {Inventory of Soil Pollution by Chemical Fertilizers in the Cotton Growing Area of Togo: Case of Kolo-Kope},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {10},
  number = {5},
  pages = {164-169},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20221005.17},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20221005.17},
  abstract = {The search for higher and higher agricultural yields leads to the use of chemical fertilizers and phytosanitary products. The abusive or repeated use of these agricultural inputs results in soil, surface water and groundwater pollution. With the development of this new form of agriculture, the input of heavy metals to the soil has increased. Research on the fate of these pollutants in the environment is important. It is within this framework that this study was undertaken to evaluate the level of pollution due to trace metals in soils in the cotton growing zone in southern Togo. Soil samples were taken in cotton fields during the dry season. The first analyses led to the determination of some physico-chemical characteristics of the soils including pH, granulometry as well as the cation exchange capacity (CEC). These first two parameters revealed that the soil was slightly acidic and essentially clayey in texture. Then, after mineralization of the soils, the solutions obtained were analyzed with an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Twelve (12) metals (V, Cd, Hg, Na, Cr, Ni, Sn, Pb, As, Zn, Cu, Fe) were studied. The concentration of metal ions varies from 0.0038 mg/kg (for vanadium to 5647.31 mg/kg (for iron). The order of abundance for the elements is as follows: V< Ni < Cr < Cd < Na < Hg < Sn < As < Pb < Cu < Zn < Fe. The values found during the analyses compared to the French standards (0.7mg/kg for Cd and 60 mg/kg for Pb) shows that no investigation threshold is reached.},
 year = {2022}
}

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