Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses

Boadu Kwasi Opoku; Asiamah Isaac; Anang Akrofi Micheal; John Kwesi Bentum; Wanjala Paul Muyoma

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

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Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma

Published in American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 7 June 2021 Accepted: 23 June 2021 Published: 30 June 2021

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Abstract

Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Chemistry (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
Page(s)	90-96
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

SEM and FTIR Analyses, Pollutants, Chemically Activated Carbons, Palm Kernel Shell and Coconut Shell

References

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APA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. (2021). Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(3), 90-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

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ACS Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku; Asiamah Isaac; Anang Akrofi Micheal; John Kwesi Bentum; Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 9(3), 90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

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AMA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am J Appl Chem. 2021;9(3):90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15,
  author = {Boadu Kwasi Opoku and Asiamah Isaac and Anang Akrofi Micheal and John Kwesi Bentum and Wanjala Paul Muyoma},
  title = {Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {90-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20210903.15},
  abstract = {Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses
AU  - Boadu Kwasi Opoku
AU  - Asiamah Isaac
AU  - Anang Akrofi Micheal
AU  - John Kwesi Bentum
AU  - Wanjala Paul Muyoma
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 90
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
AB  - Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Boadu Kwasi Opoku

Industrial Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Asiamah Isaac

Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Anang Akrofi Micheal

Industrial Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
John Kwesi Bentum

Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
Wanjala Paul Muyoma

Bomet University College, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Bomet County, Kenya

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APA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. (2021). Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 9(3), 90-96. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

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ACS Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku; Asiamah Isaac; Anang Akrofi Micheal; John Kwesi Bentum; Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am. J. Appl. Chem. 2021, 9(3), 90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

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AMA Style

Boadu Kwasi Opoku, Asiamah Isaac, Anang Akrofi Micheal, John Kwesi Bentum, Wanjala Paul Muyoma. Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses. Am J Appl Chem. 2021;9(3):90-96. doi: 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15

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@article{10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15,
  author = {Boadu Kwasi Opoku and Asiamah Isaac and Anang Akrofi Micheal and John Kwesi Bentum and Wanjala Paul Muyoma},
  title = {Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Chemistry},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {90-96},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajac.20210903.15},
  abstract = {Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.},
 year = {2021}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Characterization of Chemically Activated Carbons Produced from Coconut and Palm Kernel Shells Using SEM and FTIR Analyses
AU  - Boadu Kwasi Opoku
AU  - Asiamah Isaac
AU  - Anang Akrofi Micheal
AU  - John Kwesi Bentum
AU  - Wanjala Paul Muyoma
Y1  - 2021/06/30
PY  - 2021
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
T2  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Applied Chemistry
SP  - 90
EP  - 96
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8745
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajac.20210903.15
AB  - Chemically activated carbons generated from coconut (CS) and palm kernel (PKS) shells soaked with 1M solution of K2CO3 and NaHCO3 at 1000°C using the Carbolite Muffle Furnace were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Results from the FTIR analyses revealed that the coconut and palm kernel shells manufactured were successfully chemically activated. Several chemical compounds and functional groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carbonyl groups, ethers, alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic groups, were detected in chemically activated carbon produced from palm kernels and coconut shells as proof of the lignocellulose structure in them. Chemically activated carbon made from coconut shells exhibited nine distinct spectra, while palm kernel shells exhibited six distinct spectra. The pores were larger in the chemically activated carbons produced at a higher temperature (1000°C), demonstrating that temperature is an essential process parameter in the development of surface porosity in chemically activated carbons. The chemical carbonization activation methods used provided porosity, a large surface area, and precise morphology for absorption in both the coconut and palm kernel shells, indicating that they can be turned to high-performance adsorbents. Both organic and inorganic contaminants can be removed from the environment using the chemically activated carbons produced.
VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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